Diabetes mellitus type 1, often referred to as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This results in a lack of insulin production, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. People with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels effectively.
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not fully understood, but genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as viral infections, may play a role in its development. Management of type 1 diabetes involves monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, administering insulin as prescribed, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and attending regular medical check-ups to prevent complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease.
On the other hand, type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin or the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits.
Although genetics also play a role, lifestyle modifications, including weight loss, dietary changes, regular exercise, and medication when necessary, are key components of managing type 2 diabetes. Unlike type 1 diabetes, which typically develops in childhood or adolescence, type 2 diabetes often develops later in life and is more common in adults, although its prevalence in children is increasing due to rising obesity rates.
Alzheimer’s disease has been referred to as “Type 3 diabetes” or “brain diabetes” due to emerging evidence suggesting a link between insulin resistance and neurodegeneration in the brain. Research indicates that insulin resistance impairs brain function and contributes to the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, which are hallmark characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease. Insulin is crucial in maintaining brain function, including memory and cognitive processes.
Therefore, insulin resistance in the brain can lead to cognitive decline and increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Lifestyle factors associated with type 2 diabetes, such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits, also increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. This has led to growing interest in exploring therapeutic strategies that target insulin signaling pathways in the brain as potential treatments for Alzheimer’s disease.





